a guide to solidification of steels

daivdmm · 发表于 2010-7-11 11:59:34

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CONTENTS
Foreword 5
Introduction 9
1. Experimental Techniques 11
2. Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 17
3. Chromium Steels 55
4. Stainless and Heat Resistant Steels 81
5. High Speed Steels 133
6. Conclusions and Comments 142
7. References 151
8. Alloy Index 154

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the present work is to provide a systematic compilation of
solidification data, describing the formation of the as-cast microstructures in
steels of technical importance. The compositions have been chosen to cover a
large part of the spectrum of steels in current production. Where a specific steel
is not included, it should be possible to gain an outline of its solidification
characteristics from related compositions present.
The book is not intended to provide a theoretical treatment of solidification
processes in steels. It is hoped rather that the descriptions of the microstructures
formed on solidification will assist in solving, or avoiding, some of the
problems arising in casting, hot working and welding. However, specific production
and materials problems have not been described. A knowledge of
solidification processes is also relevant to problems of quality in the final
product; for example, in understanding the effects of segregation arising
during solidification on the microstructure of wrought material. The work
should find use also in metallurgical education as a source of basic information.
In the planning stage, the Project Committee hoped to collect data from both
the technical literature and unpublished laboratory reports. However, a study of
these sources soon showed that most investigations were unique in both their
experimental techniques and presentation of results. In addition, thermal analysis
at varying cooling rates had been identified in this project as a powerful
technique for investigation of solidification. Little systematic experimental work
employing this method was found in the literature. It was decided, therefore, to
generate the data needed within the study and to use the same reproducible
methods for all the steel compositions studied.
The Committee gave considerable attention to the problem of relating structures
obtained in small, laboratory ingots to those found in large ingots under
production conditions. This aspect is discussed in chapter 1, where the experimental
techniques are described and the format adopted for diagrams and
tables is explained.
Chapters 2-5 comprise the main body of the book, with results for each
individual steel described. These sections are printed in a standardized form for
ease of quick reference. The large number of steels has made it necessary to
limit the amount of information given. Wherever possible in these chapters,
descriptive passages have been avoided in favour of figures, diagrams and
micrographs.
The alloys have been brought together into four broad classes:
Carbon and Low Alloy Steels (Ch. 2)
Chromium Steels (Ch. 3)
Stainless and Heat Resistant Steels (Ch. 4)
High Speed Steels (Ch. 5)
Although the intention was to arrange the steels in a logical way, this was not
always possible. In most cases, however, a steel type will be classified easily
within the four groups.
Each of chapters 2 to 5 is introduced by a paragraph describing those specific
steels which have been studied. The reader can quickly ascertain whether a
steel composition is included or not, by examining either the tables accompanying
each chapter, or the index tables given in chapter 8.
Chapter 6 contains some general conclusions regarding solidification phenomena
which are common for the groups of steels. References to the relevant
literature have been made throughout and are listed in full in chapter 7.
Chapter 8 comprises master tables of chemical compositions and thermal
analysis data for all the steels included in the study. In addition, this chapter
includes tables of dendrite arm spacings and microsegregation.

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