压力容器设计人员培训教材（问答）

leihongbiao

考压力容器设计审核人的应该非常有用，不过涉及容规和压力容器钢板的部分没有更新
但总体来说是一部非常实用的复习资料。

压力容器设计人员培训教材.part1.rar (2.93 MB, 下载次数: 35)

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leihongbiao

如果有需要的话我可以将部分压力容器审核人考试培训的PPT课件传上来。

gzp168888

是压力容器200问吗

leihongbiao

不是压力容器200问，但大致相同。

remin

灰常感谢 下来用用

conyan

很好的资料，下来看看。

daivdmm

目
录
第一章压力容器设计管理与资格认证

《压力容器安全技术监察规程》的适用与不适用范围是
什么?一1
哪些单位必须执行《压力容器安全技术监察规程》·一1
((压力容器压力管道设计单位资格许可与管理规则》中压力容
器设计类别、级别的划分?1
《压力容器压力管道设计单位资格许可与管理规则》中设计单
位的人员必须具备的条件··········································，···········……2
根据《压力容器压力管道设计单位资格许可与管理规则》压力容
器设计单位质量保证体系文件(质保手册)应包括什么内容
  ·······。·······。···。1·····。·······，··1···············。············。····················……2
根据《压力容器压力管道设计单位资格许可和管理规则》压力容
器设计单位必须具备的“十三项”设计管理制度?······················，·……3
《容规》与《条例》及标准有何关系?···················，···················，··……3
《容规》和GB150一98对压力容器的范围如何划定?··············，···，··……4
如何划分压力容器的压力等级?······‘·········，····························……4
  压力容器的品种主要划分为哪几种?·，·································‘·····一4
  压力容器分为三类，其划分的原则是什么?分类的目的
  是什么?··········，························，······································，··一5
  GB150一1998((钢制压力容器》的适用与不适用范围是
  什么?·······························，················································，…6
  中石化集团公司系统内具有压力容器设计资格的单位必须遵
  守的法规和文件?········

daivdmm

第二章材料
2-3
碳素钢沸腾钢板Q235-AF的适用范围是什么?···············，··········，……7
碳素钢镇静钢Q235钢号A级、B级、C级等三个等级的区别是什么?它们
的适用范围是什么?········································，，·....···....……，.…。7
碳素钢和碳锰钢在高于425℃温度下长期使用时，应注意什么
问题?················································································一7
奥氏体钢的使用温度高于525℃时，应注意什么问题?·············，····……7
不锈钢复合钢板的使用温度范围是什么?···············‘···‘···············一8
压力容器用碳素钢和低合金钢，当达到何种厚度时应在正火状态下使用?为
什么?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . }} .. . . .. } . . . . . . . (1. a:`: Y JZ$
调质状态和用于多层包扎容器内筒的碳素钢和低合金钢钢板为何应逐张进
行拉力试验和夏比(V型)常温或低温冲击试验?}} fa
  ，···，·······，····，······，··，··················，·····································，··……8
当设计温度小于。℃时，名义厚度8。大于25mm的20R和8。大于3$mm的
16MnR,15MnVR或任何厚度的18MnMoNbR。和13MnNiMoNbR为何要
以批进行夏比(V型)低温冲击试验?试样为何横向取样?低温冲击功的指
标是什么?
  ··········································，············································……8
用于容器壳体的碳素钢和低合金钢钢板，什么情况下要逐张做超声波检验?
                                                                                                  9
低合金钢钢板使用温度等于或低于一20℃时，其使用状态及最低冲击试验
温度应符合什么要求?，·········································……’‘…‘·””””9
  什么是奥氏体不锈钢的敏化范围?······················，···················……9
  何谓固溶热处理?它对奥氏体不锈钢性能有何作用?··················……9
  目前防止晶间腐蚀的措施大致有哪几种?······························……10
  什么是应力腐蚀破裂?奥氏体不锈钢在哪些介质中易产生应力腐蚀破裂?
                                                                                          10
  奥氏体不锈钢焊缝能否采用超声波检测，为什么?·····················……10
  选用新研制的钢材设计压力容器时，应满足什么要求?···············……10
用GB713-86((锅炉用碳素钢和低合金钢板》中的2摊钢板可代用什么容器
  用钢板?·······，··，···········，·················································……10
用GB712-88 ((船体用结构钢》中的B级钢板代用Q235-C钢板时，应符合
  什么要求?····，·······························································，··一10
碳素钢和低合金钢钢管，当使用温度镇一20℃时，其使用状态及最低冲击试
  验温度应符合什么要求?··································，···，············……n
  锻件的级别如何确定?对于公称厚度大于300mm的碳素钢和低合金钢锻
件应选用什么级?‘···‘·······································一”””””’‘”“’n
  16MnD钢锻件，当使用温度等于或低于一20℃时，其热处理状态及最低冲
  击试验温度是什么?··········，································，·············……n
  低合金钢螺栓，当使用温度等于或低于一20℃时，其使用状态及最低冲击试
验温度是什么?········，···········································，·····……’‘’.’11
压力容器受压元件采用国外钢材应符合些什么要求?···············……12
铝和铝合金用于压力容器受压元件应符合什么要求?···············……12
钦和钦合金用于压力容器受压元件应符合什么使用
条件?················‘·······························，···························，·…12
铜及铜合金用于压力容器受压元件应为什么状态?·······，··········……12

daivdmm

第三章钢制压力容器
什么叫设计压力?什么叫计算压力?如何确定?························……13
固定式液化气体容器设计中，如何确定设计压力?···············，，····……13
:}B150 W---1998标准对压力容器设计应考虑的载荷有
哪些?···················‘······················‘···································……13
}B150---1998标准除了规定的常规设计方法以外还允许采用什么方法进行
爱计?·······································，······················，·················‘…14
汁么叫计算厚度、设计厚度、名义厚度、有效厚度?·····················……14
汁么叫最小厚度?如何确定?·············，··································……14
享度附加量C由哪两部分组成?·‘·······，·································，·…14
付于钢材各种强度性能如何选取其安全系数?螺栓的安全系数选用较高，为
十么?····，·······················，·····················，·············，·········。··，……15
下锈复合钢板在设计中如需计人复层材料的强度时，设计温度下的许用应力
。〕如何计算?·····，··，·······················，·························，，······……16
对容器直径不超过800}nrn，不能检测的单面焊，如何
处理?···············，·····················，···························，···········‘…16
钢制压力容器液压试验的压力如何确定?·······，························一16
液压试验中，对试验液体有什么要求?·，··································……16
何种情况下方可进行气压试验?如何进行?···························……17
何种情况下要做气密性试验?如何进行?‘········，·················‘··……17
第一、三、四强度理论，涵义是什么?‘······，···，··························，……18
GB150-1998(钢制压力容器》标准中的圆筒计算公式采用了哪种强度理
论，涵义是什么?·····，·························································，··…18
GB150-1998《钢制压力容器》标准中，内压圆筒强度计算的基本公式和适
用范围是什么?··。，················‘·········，······························，·……18
GB150-1998《钢制压力容器》标准中，内压球壳强度计算的基本公式及适
用范围?········································································……19
内压圆筒与球壳厚度计算公式中的焊缝接头系数指的是何焊缝接头
系数?·····································································，·····……19
外压容器破坏形式有哪两种?外压容器的设计应包括哪两个方面的内容?
                                                                                              19
GB150-1998《钢制压力容器》标准中，外压圆筒(Do /}e异20)的有效厚度如
何计算?········································································……19
常见的容器封头有哪几种?各有何优缺点?···························……19
碟形封头球面部分的内半径和封头转角内半径有何
要求?···········································································……20
受内压的碟形封头和椭圆形封头的形状系数是什么?···············……20
受内压碟形封头厚度的计算公式是什么?······························……20
GB150-1998对碟形封头的有效厚度有何限制?·····················……20
受内压椭圆形封头计算厚度的公式是什么?···························……20
GB150-1998对椭圆形封头的有效厚度有何限制?····················，…21
受内压(凹面受压)无折边球面端封头的计算厚度公式是
什么?························································，····，···，···········，…21
受外压(凸面受压)无折边球面端封头的计算厚度如何
确定?···········································································……21
两侧受压的无折边球面中间封头的厚度如何计算?··················……21
GB150----1998对锥形封头的设计范围有何限制?对其几何形状有何要求?
······················································································……22
当锥形封头的锥壳半顶角a > 600时，应如何设计?··················……22
锥形封头的锥壳，其厚度如何计算?D。的含义为何?·，···，···，····，……22
受内压无折边锥形封头大小端如需补强时，对加强段有何要求?加强段厚
度如何计算?有何限制?···················································……23
受内压折边锥形封头大端的厚度，在GB150-1998中是如何确定的?
································································，·····················……23
压力容器失效形式有哪几种?·············································……24
压力容器的常规设计法与分析设计法有何主要区别?···············……24
薄壁容器和厚壁容器如何划分?其强度设计的理论基础是什么?有何区
别?··············································································……25
受内压作用的圆筒与球壳，其薄膜应力有何异同?·····················……25
受内压作用的圆筒与锥壳，其薄膜应力有何异同?锥壳的半顶角为什么不
宜大于f00?················································，·················……2S
受内压作用的球壳、碟形壳、椭球壳中的薄膜应力各有何
特点?····················，······················································……26
边缘应力有何特点?·······························，············……‘二””‘”’“26
椭圆形封头、碟形封头为何均带直边段?·································……27
何谓薄圆板?薄板应力分析的理论基础是什么?·····················……27
受侧向压力作用的圆平板的应力有什么特点?何以圆平板较等径的凸形封
头要厚?········································································……27
对厚平盖何以要校核危险环截面的组合应力?························……27
何谓容器的稳定性和临界压力?内压容器是否存在稳定
问题?·······················，···················································……28
容器失稳有哪些类型?其特点如何?··························，·········……28
何谓弹性失稳和非弹性失稳?用高强度钢代替低强度钢可否提高容器的弹
性稳定性?·····································································……28
外压长圆筒与短圆筒有何区别?在外压圆筒设计中何以广泛采用加强圈?
··························································，····························……28
何以外压凸形封头均按外压球壳进行稳定设计?·····················……29
圆形平盖厚度计算公式是什么?如何推导而来的?··················……29
紧缩口封头作用于纵向截面的弯曲应力按什么公式
校核?·······································································，···……29
GB150-199$规定在什么情况下压力容器壁上开孔可不另行
补强?······································，····································……29
压力容器开孔补强有几种?采用补强圈结构补强应遵循什么规定?…30
在应用等面积补强时，为什么要限制dlD之比和长圆形孔的长短轴之比?

daivdmm

压力容器壳体上开孔的最大直径有何限制?
内压容器开孔补强所需补强面积按什么公式计算?
外压容器开孔补强所需补强面积按什么公式计算?
等面积补强法与压力面积法有什么异同?

压力容器开孔的有效补强范围及有效补强面积是什么?
螺栓法兰联接设计包括哪些内容?
用钢板制造整体带颈法兰时，须符合什么要求?························……
法兰在什么情况下应进行正火或完全退火热处理?
什么叫窄面法兰?什么叫宽面法兰?
GB150-199$中法兰按其整体性程度分为几种型式?各型式的特点是千
么?···························································……~···········……3
密封的基本条件是什么?什么叫密封比压?什么是垫片系数?何以要校衣
垫片宽度?·····。·························································。··...……3
何谓垫片的有效密封宽度?···································..····一。.·……4}
垫片压紧力有几种?如何计算?·······································。·.……4
反向法兰的结构特点是什么?................ ,扩· ................................ 4,
平面法兰、凹凸面法兰与桦槽面法兰三类密封面各有什么优缺点?……中
法兰强度校核时需校核哪些强度条件?·································……4
法兰联接的合理设计中，对垫片载荷有什么要求?·····················……4
法兰联接的合理设计中，对螺栓中心圆直径的确定有什么
要求?·····················································，·····················……4
法兰设计时，为获得尽可能紧凑的法兰设计结果，对法兰的应力有什要求?
······················································································……4.
增加法兰环的厚度对法兰的应力是何影响?···························……4.
增加法兰锥颈厚度对法兰的应力是何影响?···························……4:
卧式容器的双支座与多支座各有什么优缺点?························……《
双支座卧式容器设计中对支座的位置及固定型式按什么原则确定?…4:
塔设备承受哪些载荷的作用?其强度及稳定性校核包括哪几方面?…4;
等直径、等厚度直立容器的基本自振周期按什么公式
计算?··················，························································……4}
某一地区的基本风压是如何确定的?····································……44
为什么要对塔设备进行挠度控制?·········..····························……45
压力容器在操作过程中有可能出现超压时应采取什么
措施?·‘····································，·····卜······‘·······················……4}
GB15p-1998附录B超压泄放装置有几种?这些超压泄放装置对什么样的
压力容器不底用?········，····························..……。.……，…。..……45
试比较安全阀与爆破片各自的优缺点?·······，·····，·····················一45
在什么情况下必须采用爆破片装置?······，;····························……46
低温压力容器的结构设计应考虑什么问题?··························，……46
味温压力容器焊缝检测有什么特殊要求?··，···························……46
氏温压力容器焊接有什么要求?........................   .. .:. ............... 46
汁么叫“低温低应力工况”?低温低应力工况的容器是否应按低温压力器考
急?··················..·························，·············一，·…、·-········……47
;波形膨胀节的选材原则是什么?··········································……47
  波形膨胀节的强度计算有哪些内容?····································……47
;奥氏体不锈钢制造的膨胀节，当6R > 2 }s时需进行何种
  校核?························································，··················……48
，从设计的角度来看，压力容器的失效准则有几种?它们各自的观点是什么?
  ·······················································，·······························……49
产什么是爆炸极限?···········································，···········一“’.‘’49
;什么是燃点和闪点?·························································……49
，易燃与可燃液体是如何分类的?··································，，······……50
)0什么叫化学危险物质?··········，···········································……50
)l焊接试板焊接接头的力学性能检验有哪几种?························……50
)2弯曲试样按规定要求冷弯到规定角度后，其受拉面上允许有什么样的裂纹或缺陷?····，····················，··············-······························……
冲击试验的合格指标是什么?····，················，·····················……
压力容器焊接试板的拉伸、弯曲和冲击试验如不合格，如何进行复验?

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)5压力容器及其受压元件在什么情况下应进行热处理?···············，··…51
)6压力容器焊后热处理如因设备过长，需在炉内分段进行，应满足什么条件?
                                                                                            52
)7焊缝采取局部热处理时，应具备什么条件与采取什么
    措施?···········································································……52
}8压力容器及其零部件在什么情况下应进行酸洗和钝化
    处理?···········································································……52
09  GB150-1998标准规定在什么情况下压力容器的A类和B类焊缝应进行
    百分之百的射线或超声波检测?··········································……52
10《容规》规定符合什么情况之一的压力容器对接接头的对接焊缝必须进行
    全部射线或超声波检测?···················································……53
11什么情况下焊缝表面应进行磁粉或渗透检测?···，····················……53
12《容规》对压力容器焊接接头方法的选择要求作何规定?···，········……54
13压力容器焊缝的射线或超声波检测的合格标准是什么?··········，·……54
14经射线或超声波检测发现有不允许的缺陷，应如何
    处理?·······································································，···……54
15压力容器开设检查孔时，有什么要求?·································……54
16压力容器如不设可拆封头或盖板以代替人孔或手孔，也不设置检查孔，应
  满足什么要求?·············································，···，··············一55
  耐油橡胶石棉板用作烃类化合物或有机溶剂等介质的容器垫片时，限制在
  什么压力条件下?为什么?··········，·······，···……，’··················……55
  一次应力、二次应力和峰值应力的概念是什么?·····················……55
  峰值应力的基本特征是什么?在什么情况下必须限制峰值
  应力?···········，·······························································……55
  与射线检测方法相比，超声波检测有那些优点和缺点?·······，······一56
  电渣焊缝超声波检测为什么要求在正火后进行?·····················……56
  为什么重要的钢板应当正反两面检测?·································……56
  射线检测和超声波检测是否可以互为代替使用?·······················一56
  球壳的结构型式主要有哪几种?··········································……56
  球壳用钢板在什么条件下应逐张进行超声波检测?··················……57
  球壳的对接焊缝以及直接与球壳焊接的焊缝，应选用什么型的焊条?并应
  进行什么复验?·····················································……”’“’“’‘57
  钢制球形储罐的支柱结构型式主要有几种?我国运用最广泛的是哪种?
············································································，····，··，··……57
  钢制球形储罐的拉杆结构可分为哪两种?······························……57
  钢制球形储罐的设计计算主要包括哪些内容?························……58
  怎样理解对钢制球形储罐“不得采用机械方法强力
  组装”?···················，··············································，·····……58
什么样情况下，球壳在焊后需进行消氢处理?·‘·················‘·······……58
  在哪些条件下，球罐的对接焊缝进行百分之百的检测
  检查···················..······················，··，············，··，····。·········，……58
  对有延迟裂纹倾向的钢材，在检测有何规定?························……59
  怎样进行球罐的液压试验?·············，······························，···……59
  《容规》规定承受什么范围内压力的容器为高压容器?·················。一60
  GB150-1998规定的多层高压容器受内压圆筒壁厚计算公式是什么?该公
  式适合的最高设计压力有何限制?·····························，·········……60
  单层高压容器筒体有哪几种形式?·······································，··…&1
  单层卷焊式高压容器的缺点是什么?····························..······，··…61
  多层高压容器尤其是多层包扎式容器对接深槽焊环缝常易出现的缺陷是
  什么?如何克服?.....···  ...................................................... . 61
  多层高压容器在筒节上一般设有排气孔(泄放孔)，为什么?········一61
  内外压圆筒的制造圆度何以不同?··一，f’···...，.·  ...，”  .···  .. ... ... ... ... ... 61
GB150中规定相邻筒节的A类焊缝中心线间距应不小于3倍壳体厚度且
不小于100 mm的出发点是什么?·········································一62
GB150规定相邻壳体的厚度差超过一定数值后应以1:3的斜度削薄较厚
板的边缘是出于什么考虑?···············································，……62
长颈对焊法兰的直边段与对接圆筒的厚度相差较大时，是否应按GBI50规
定削簿直边段?·······························································……62
为何必须加强对长颈法兰与圆筒的连接环缝的检测?···············……62
GB3531与GB6654对16MnDR和16MnR在化学成分，低温冲击试验和
超声检测方面的要求有何差别?······，····，········，················，······一63
压力容器用大型锻件的质量可能存在哪些主要问题?·················一63
不同强度级别的低碳钢、低合金高强度钢之间的异种钢焊接，以及珠光体
耐热钢与低碳钢、碳锰钢(如16Mn)之间的异种钢焊接，选择焊条的原则
是什么?，·····················，·················································……63
奥氏体钢之间的焊接材料选择的原则是什么?... ... ........................ 63
碳对钢的焊接性能有何影响?其他合金元素又有何
影响?····························，··············································……64
GB150规定的碳素钢和低合金钢低温压力容器的温度界限是多少?依据
是什么?································································‘····……64
受环境低温影响的压力容器的设计温度如何确定?··················……64
低温压力容器焊接材料的选择原则是什么?······················‘······一65
何谓未焊透和咬边?各有何危害?·····················‘····‘············……65
何谓延迟裂纹?如何防止?··········，····················，·······，，···，···，·一65
何谓热裂纹?产生的主要原因是什么?················，········，···，·····一66
什么是焊后消氢处理?······················································……66
焊缝预热的目的及预热的宽度是多少?....................................... 66
什么焊接接头应进行焊接工艺评定?····································……66
压力容器焊后热处理的目的是什么?.......................................... 66
焊后热处理所指的厚度是什么?·························，········，·······，·一67
压力容器制造中的热处理分哪两类?······，，···，···，···，········，···，···……67
何谓无损检测?常用方法有哪些?·········，，···，，······，·······，，···，·····一67
冲击功与冲击韧性有何差别?····························，········，···，·····一67
钢材冲击试验的试样为什么要取横向?

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第四章管壳式换热器
  GB151适用的换热器型式及参数范围是什么?·························，·……68
  GR151-1999管壳式换热器管束分为几级?各采用什么换
  热管?·····································，········································……68
  管壳式换热器主要组合部件名称及分类代号是什么?··········，···。···……68
  设计U形管式或浮头式换热器的管板时，怎样确定管板的设计压力?
                                                                                              69
.GB151-89规定:用复合钢板制造管壳式式换热器管板时，对复层材料有什么
  要求?GBi51-1999有何修改?··········，················一，.··············一69
.设计多管程式管壳式换热器时，确定分程隔板位置的原则是
  什么?·······‘······，·············，··················……:··························一69
  管壳式换热器的换热管与管板之间采用胀接连接应符合什么
  条件?··，··········································，································……69
;管壳式换热器在什么情况下管板与换热管之间的连接应胀焊
  并用?······‘······················，······························，·················……70
)管壳式换热器的整体管板的有效厚度如何确定?·…，’’·，············，··……70
.0管壳式换热器复合管板的有效厚度如何确定?························……70
.1管壳式换热器固定管板与U形管式管板的受力情况有什么
    区别?·······，························································……‘·····，·…71
l2在什么情况下固定管板式换热器的壳程筒体需设置膨
    胀节?························，···········，·················，··...········，······……71
13管壳式换热器管板的延长部分兼作法兰时，法兰部分对管板有什么影响?
                                                                                                  71
14在什么情况下，管壳式换热器管程或壳程的介质进口处应设置防冲板?
                                                                                                      71
巧在什么情况下，管壳式换热器壳程进出口处应设置导
    流筒?··················4············，···.·······1·······...……，’‘·，’’·……‘.‘…’72
16管壳式换热器壳程进口处的防冲板表面距壳体圆筒内壁的距离与防冲板直
    径或边长各为多少?·························...··················一‘”‘”“””72
17管壳式换热器壳程进出口处的导流筒有几种形式，其结构尺寸在设计中应
    如何考虑?···············，············································，········……72
.18管壳式换热器中常用的折流板和支持板的形式有几种?·········，··……72
管壳式换热器中折流板的布置应遵循什么原则?·····················……72
管壳式换热器中折流板的最小和最大间距各为多少?···!···········……73
管壳式换热器双壳程结构的纵向隔板的设计中，应考虑些什么题问?……
················································，···，·························‘········……73
填料函式管壳式换热器，不适用于什么介质?···························……73
填料函式换热器的结构型式有哪几种?处理有危险性的介质应选用哪种型
式。·····。···············································4·····4，···，·······。·····……73
填料函式换热器的填料一般采用哪几种?······························……74
重叠式换热器的支座设计，应考虑什么要求?······，·····，··············……74
管壳式换热器的管箱、浮头盖在什么情况下应在施焊后进行消除应力的热
处理?设备法兰密封面应在何时加工?······························，···，一74
浮头式换热器应按什么程序试压?····，··································……74
釜式重沸器因管束型式不同其试压程序有什么不同?·················一74
低温换热器用垫片一般应采用什么?···‘································……75
低温换热器设计中应考虑些什么问题?·································……75
管壳式换热器的受压元件在什么情况下可采用压差设计?有何条件?
···············。··。·····。····························。··············，·······，···。···。···。·…75
在管板和平盖的选材中，何时采用锻件?何时采用板材?
  ····································，····，·······，·····································一75
管板与换热管之间的连接方式主要的有哪几种?适用范围如何?……75
GB 151标准中换热器壳体最小厚度由哪些因素决定?······.’..·····‘……76
不带膨胀节的固定管板换热器在壳程压力(正压)作用下，管子的轴向应力、
壳程圆筒的轴向应力都是什么应力?容易发生何种失效?······‘··……76
  带膨胀节的固定管板换热器在壳程压力(正压)作用下，管子的应力、壳程圆
  筒的轴向应力又都是什么应力?·····················……，’·，，··········……76
  不带膨胀节的固定管板换热器，在管程压力(正压)作用下，管子应力、壳体
  应力都为什么应力?容易发生何种失效?·············，，···············……76
  固定管板换热器，在壳程压力(正压)作用下，设置膨胀节后管板应力、管子
  应力和壳体应力都怎么变化?··，·················‘·······················，……76
  固定管板换热器，在管程压力(正压)作用下，设置膨胀节后管板应力、管子
  应力和壳体应力都怎么变化?·······，······································!·…76
  固定管板换热器在管壳温差载荷作用下，增加管板厚度，对管子应力和壳体
  应力是何影响?····························，··························......……。.”
  固定管板换热器在什么组合载荷作用下，可能无法满足强度条件，而不得不
采用其他型式的换热器(如U形管式)?

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第五章压力容器设计技术分析
1焊缝接头系数讨论·，’’·····，·····，，·····，·，··，··，···，························‘···，……78
2椭圆封头、碟形封头的特性、应力及计算，········，··……，’’········，········一79
  1.薄膜应力状态···················~·…‘················，··············，········……79
  2.弯曲应力状态·，··········，··，···，··，··，······························，······，··……79
  3.椭圆封头最大应力的位置······························……”·······……，’’…80
  4.椭圆形封头厚度计算公式的依据···················，……，’··············……82
  5.椭圆封头的稳定·····，·························································……83
  6.椭圆封头受外压作用时的变形、应力及计算···························……83
  7。椭圆封头开孔补强计算·........................................................... g3
  8.碟形封头的特性、应力及计算···········，··，······……，’··…，’···，·····，··…$4
3圆筒与半球形封头、椭圆封头、碟形封头、锥形封头连接时的边界效应…$4
  1，边界力的形成·············································。…‘················……84
  2.圆筒一半球形封头的边界效应······，············，·，············，··········……85
  3，圆筒与椭圆封头连接时的边界效应····，··，··，·····，··，··，················……87
  4.两种边界效应的比较·························································……89
  5.圆筒一锥形封头的边界效应···························……，’’········..·……90
4压力容器开孔补强设计分析··..········，·，················，······，···········~·一92
  1.开孔补强设计概述··············，·············································……92
  2.壳体与平板开孔补强的区别·············································-.·……93
  3.内压容器与外压容器开孔补强的区别····································……95
  4.等面积法与另一方法的比较·.. ... ... .......·。·  .................}.................. g5
  5.等面积法与压力面积法的比较··，··········································……96
  6。压力容器开孔的强度间题二…...................................-.  ....... _ .. ... g6
  (1}开孔引起的应力··············································，·············……96
  (2)不同应力对应的破坏形式·········‘······································……97
  (3)压力容器的加载方式与设计要求·········..···················“·······……97
  (4)峰值应力破坏问题·············，···········································……98
5法兰设计分析:·························································……”‘”’“‘99
  1.法兰设计概述···········································……，’’·········，····……99
  2.活套法兰与整体法兰的分析比较························..····，········……100
    3.甲型法兰与乙型法兰的分析比较·······································……100
    4.乙型法兰与长颈法兰的分析比较··················，····················……100
    5.锥颈及法兰环尺寸对法兰应力的影响及调整要领·············，····……102
    6.外压法兰与内压法兰的比较···········································，·……103
    7.宽面法兰与窄面法兰的分析比较·······································……103
    8.压力容器法兰的合理设计····························。········，，·········……103
    fl)垫片设计···································································，·……103
    {2)螺栓设计··································，···，······························……105
    (3)法兰设计:·，································································……10}
    (4)法兰合理设计:····························································……107
    (5)法兰的合理设计准则及其对策··········································……108
    (6)法兰强度尺寸对法兰应力的影响····································，··……108
    a.锥颈尺寸对法兰应力的影响·，········，··································……109
    b.法兰环尺寸对法兰应力的影响·····························，··············一110
    (7)法兰强度尺寸设计要领····，···············································一111
    f8)压力容器法兰标准·······································，·················……111
    (9}压力容器凸缘法兰的合理设计··········································……112
    a.凸缘法兰的受力分析······················································……113
    b.凸缘法兰的合理设计······················································……113
5-6卧式容器设计··································································……113
    1，臣卜式容器设计概述·························································……113
    2.鞍座位置分析························.’..····································……114
    fl)鞍座位置与轴向应力的关系···············，·····························……114
    {2)鞍座位置与切向剪应力的关系··········································……114
    {3}鞍座位置与周向应力的关系····································，···，····……115
    3.加强圈···，····································································……116
    4.鞍座选用分析·······························································……116
    (1)鞍座宽度······························，·····················，················……117
    (2)垫板尺寸·····································································……117
    (3}鞍座高度和腹板厚度······‘···························，···················……117
    (4)鞍座包角··································，······················……，’····……117
    5.卧式容器合理设计要领···················································……11$
5-7固定管板换热器设计······················，··································……119
    1.固定管板换热器设计概述················································……119
    2.管板应力产生机理分析·························……，’’·················……120
    (1)管程压力Pt作用情况················，·····························..····一120
    (2)壳程压力P:作用情况································，···········...····……123
    (3)管壳程热膨胀差作用情况····················，·······……，’············……124
    (4)法兰力矩作用情况······································，··················……125
    (5)组合载荷作用下的管板应力‘·……:····································……I25
    3.管板应力的性质···，···，························~··························……125
    4。管板应力的调整·································.’.·····，········……。。...……127
    5.膨胀节的设置··············································……，’·········……128

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S-8压力容器基本受压元件强度分析······························，··········……129
    1，压力容器的构成与应力···················································……129
    {1)压力容器的构成与应力············································，······……129
    {2)压力容器的应力··················，·········································……130
    a.一次应力···············‘··································，··················……130
    b.二次应力·························································，··…:..·，·……131
    c.峰值应力·····································································……132
    2.压力容器受压元件强度计算·························，···················……134
    (1)内压圆筒················，····················································……134
    a.壁厚计算式········································，·························……134
    b。应力计算对象与控制值···················································……135
    c.焊缝接头系数·············，·······，··················‘······················……136
    d。圆筒开孔补强·········································，·····················……137
    e.二次应力的作用··································，······，·········，········……137
    {2)球壳·············，·······，·····················································……138
    a.厚度计算式················································，·················……138
    b.应力计算对象与控制值··············，，·····································一138
    c.焊缝接头系数·················································。········。····……138
    d.球壳与圆筒的连接结构··································，·······……，’…… 138
    e.球壳开孔补强············，··································，···············……138
    f.二次应力的作用····························································……139
    (3)椭圆封头·····‘···········································。·········，·········……139
    a.厚度计算式····························……“··························，··，·……139
    b.应力计算对象与控制值··········，·······························..·······……139
    c.焊缝接头系数·······························································……139
d.开孔补强计算·······························································……139
(4)碟形封头·····································································……140
    (5)锥壳·，·········································································……140
    a.厚度计算式··································································……140
    b.应力计算对象与控制值···················································……140
    。.焊缝接头系数·······························································……140
    d.开孔补强·····································································……140
    e.二次应力的作用····························································……141
    (a)大端加强段··································································……141
    (b)小端加强段····，···················································，·........……142
    (6)球冠形封头···················································，··············……143
    a.厚度计算式·······································。····················，·····……143
    b.应力计算对象与控制值···················································……143
    c.焊缝接头系数·······························································……143
    d。开孔补强·····································································……143
    e.圆筒加强段··································································……144
    (7)平盖(圆平板)·······························································……144
    a.厚度计算式······，·····，·········，························，··················……144
    b.应力的计算对象与控制值················································……144
    c.焊缝接头系数·······························································……144
    d.开孔补强·····································································……144
    e.圆平板受力特点····························································……145
附录1:压力容器设计常用标准目录·············································……147
附录2:压力容器设计相关标准目录·........:......................................... 151